The Java Concepts

  Top-Down and Bottom-up Approaches:  Top-down approach is a programming style. It is the base of traditional procedural languages, in which design begins by specifying complex pieces and then dividing them repeatedly into smaller pieces. The result of this breakdown is that the components are very specific and it becomes easier to write programs. This is the exact opposite of the bottom-up approach which is common in object oriented languages such as C++ and Java.  For writing a program using top-down approach we write the main procedure first. This main procedure contains names of all the major functions it will need. Then we look at these functions as individual procedure and the process is repeated again. These divided sub-procedures will eventually perform actions that are very simple and their coding can be done easily and concisely. When all the various sub-procedures have been coded, we have the complete solution. Learn Java... The Java Concepts Relative topics– Introduction St

  Introduction :  Object oriented programming (OOP) is the soul of Java. All Java programs follow the object oriented methodology. OOP is so important to Java that we must understand its basic principles before we can write even a simple Java program. Therefore, we will begin our study with a discussion of the theoretical concepts of Object Oriented Programming.  Structured Vs Object Oriented Programming :  As we know, every program consists of two elements :code and data. The code reflects "what is happening" and the data reflects "who is getting affected". A programmer can conceptually organize his program around its data. That is, some programs are written around code or around "what is happening" and others are written around "who is being affected." These are the two ways to construct our program. The first way is called the structured programming and supports process-oriented model. This approach treats a program as a series of linear step